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TECHNICAL PAPER



           5.  CONCLUSIONS                                        4.   barbosa, V.F.F., macKenzie, K.J.D., and Thaumaturgo, C.
                                                                      (2000). “synthesis and characterisation of materials based
           This article, which was not intended to be exhaustive regarding   on inorganic polymers of alumina and silica: sodium
           the formulation of geopolymers and alkali-activated binders,   polysialate polymers”, International Journal of Inorganic
           had the following objectives:                              Materials, 2(4), 309-317.
           •   make an inventory of the main precursors used, as well as   5.   san Nicolas, R., Cyr, m., and Escadeillas G. (2013).
               precursor-activator pairs compatible with each other.   “Characteristics and applications of flash metakaolins”,
                                                                      Applied Clay Science, 83-84, 253-262.
           •   Discuss the effects of the amount of binder and water
               in these materials, compared to conventional Portland   6.   Pouhet, R. (2015). “Formulation and durability of
               cements.                                               metakaolin-based geopolymers”, PhD thesis, Toulouse
                                                                      University.
           •   Recall a few principles that can be used in formulation,
               distinguishing between binders with low and high calcium   7.   murat, m., and Driouche, m. (1988). “Chemical reactivity
               levels.                                                of thermally activated clay minerals - Estimation by
                                                                      dissolution in hydrofluoric acid”, Cement and Concrete
           The following conclusions can be drawn regarding the       Research, 18, 221-228.
           formulation of geopolymers and alkali-activated binders:
                                                                  8.   Cyr, m., Husson, b., and Carles-Gibergues, a. (1998).
           •   In the first case (that of metakaolin-based or fly ash-based   “Détermination, par diffraction des rayons X, de la teneur
               geopolymers), it seems difficult for the moment to be   en phase amorphe de certains matériaux minéraux”,
               satisfied with simply adding fractions of activators relative   Journal de physique IV, 8(5), 23-30.
               to the precursor, the use of molar ratios being entirely   9.   bernal, s.a., Provis, J.L., myers, R.J., san Nicolas, R., and
               justified.                                             Van Deventer, J.s. (2015). “Role of carbonates in the

           •   For the second category (with slag), it is entirely possible   chemical evolution of sodium carbonate-activated slag
               to simplify the formulation by using the activators in   binders”, Materials and Structures, 48, 517-529.
               percentage of precursor. In this case, we get a little closer   10.  Pouhet, R., and Cyr, m. (2016). “Formulation and
               to the formulation of Portland cements.                performance of flash metakaolin geopolymer concretes”,
                                                                      Construction and Building Materials, 120, 150-160.
           REFERENCES
                                                                  11.  Pouhet, R., Cyr, M., and Bucher, R., (2019). “Influence of
           1.   Provis, J., and Van Deventer, J. (2014). “alkali activated   the initial water content in flash calcined metakaolin-based
               materials: state-of-the-art Report”, RILEm TC 224-aam,   geopolymer”, Construction and Building Materials, 201,
               springer.                                              421-429.
           2.   bsI standards Publication, Pas 8820:2016 - Construction   12.  Nguyen, Q.H., Patapy, C., steger, L., Geoffroy, s., and Cyr,
               materials - alkali-activated cementitious material and   M., (2015). “Alkali activated binders: influence of Portland
               concrete – Specification.
                                                                      cement and sodium silicate on slag reactivity”, 14th
           3.   shi, C., Roy, D., and Krivenko, P. (2006). “alkali-activated   International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement (ICCC
               Cements and Concretes”, CRC Press.                     2015), beijing, China, October 13-16.


                              MARTIN CYR is a Professor at Toulouse University (France) and associate Professor at sherbrooke
                              University (Canada). He is deputy director of the Laboratory for materials and Durability of Construction
                              (Toulouse, France). His research interests include low-carbon concretes, mineral admixtures, alkali-activated
                              materials and durability of concrete. He is a member of several RILEm technical committees focused on
                              sCms and alkali-activated materials (267-TRm, TC 247-DTa, TC 281-CCC and TC 283-Cam). He manages
                              several projects with around 20 researchers working on the properties of alternative binders in concretes, in
                              partnership with several industrial groups (including an industrial chair on alkali-activated materials).


           Cite this article:  Cyr, m. (2020). “Can we Formulate a Geopolymer or an alkali-actived binder as a Portland Cement?” The Indian
                         Concrete Journal, Vol. 94, No. 7, pp. 5-13.


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