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TECHNICAL PAPER COLLECTOR’S EDITION

good. Figure 11 shows the chloride profiles Collaboration. In the coming years, we hope to
after two years ponding in 0.5M NaCl extend this network to more countries as a co-
solution [13]. ordinated worldwide effort is needed to accelerate

CONCLUDING REMARKS the introduction of such environmentally friendly
options.
Fulfilling the needs of the growing world
population for food and habitation and at the
same time avoiding drastic climate change due References
to the emission of greenhouse gasses is the most 1. Hammond G.P. and Jones C.I, ICE version 1.6ª,
important challenge facing the world today. In the 2008 Proc Instn Civil Engineers. www.bath.ac.uk/
field of building materials, cement and concrete mech-eng/sert/embodied/
remain the best option as they can be produced in
large quantities almost anywhere in the world and 2. Damineli, B.L., Kemeid, F.M., Aguiar, P.S.,
have an intrinsically low environmental footprint John, V.M., Measuring the eco-efficiency of
compared to alternatives. Nevertheless, they are cement use, Cement and Concrete Composites,
the focus of intensive research efforts to reduce September 2010,Vol. 32, No. 8, pp. 555–562
the 5-8% of CO emissions attributable to their 3. P. Purnell, Material Nature versus Structural
2
production. This paper tries to present a brief but Nurture: The Embodied Carbon of Fundamental
comprehensive analysis of options for cements Structural Elements, Environmental Science and
of the future, starting from the composition of Technology, 2012, Vol. 46, pp. 454–461, dx.doi.
the earth and considering the practicalities of org/10.1021/es202190r |
producing such a low cost material that can be
4. E.M. Gartner, Industrially interesting approaches
used by anyone, even with little or no training.
to ‘‘low-CO ’’ cements, Cement and Concrete
This shows that blends in which around half of the 2
Research, 2004, Vol. 34, pp. 1489 – 1498
conventional Portland cement clinker is replaced
by a combination of limestone and calcined clay – 5. US geological survey: http://upload.wikimedia.
3
LC blends – present an extremely promising option org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Elemental_
to achieve lower CO emissions, lower costs, and abundances.svg
2
increase supply – particularly in tropical and sub-
6. Scrivener, K.L., “A study of the microstructure of
tropical countries where the increase in demand
two old cement pastes”, 389-393. (Proc. 8th Int.
will be the highest in coming decades. We have
Cong. on the Chemistry of Cements, Vol. III, Rio
already received strong expressions of interest
de Janeiro, 1986)
in this technology from many cement producers
worldwide. 7. IEA, WBCSD. Cement technology roadmap
2009 carbon emissions reductions up to 2050.

More work is needed to provide a solid scientific and [Internet]. Paris :;Conches-Geneva, Switzerland
engineering foundation for these new materials. A :: OECD/IEA;WBCSD; 2009. Available from: http://
large body of work is already underway, undertaken wbcsdcement.org/pdf/technology/WBCSD-
by a network of researchers in Switzerland, India, IEA_Cement%20Roadmap.pdf
and Cuba. The core of this work has been made 8. Habert, G., d’Espinose de Lacaillerie, J.B.,
possible through significant funding provided Roussel, N. 2011. An environmental evaluation
by the Swiss Agency for Development and of geopolymer based concrete production:

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